Formation of Present Perfect and spelling rules.
(Tvorba Present Perfecta i pravila pisanja.)
Affirmative (potvrdni oblik)
Long form (neskraćeni oblik)
Present perfect is formed of the auxiliary verb HAVE (HAVE / HAS) and the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -ed. Irregular verbs have their own forms. See our list of irregular verbs.
(Present perfect tvori se od pomoćnog glagola HAVE (HAVE / HAS) i prošlog participa glavnog glagola. Prošli particip pravilnih glagola tvori se dodavanjem nastavka -ed. Nepravilni glagoli imaju vlastiti oblik. Pogledaj našu listu nepravilnih glagola.)
| Regular verbs | Irregular verbs | |
| • I have walked (hodao sam) • You have walked (hodao si) • He / She / It has walked (hodao / hodala / hodalo je) • We have walked (hodali smo) • You have walked (hodali ste) • They have walked (hodali su) |
• I have eaten (jeo sam) • You have eaten (jeo si) • He / She / It has eaten (jeo / jela / jelo je) • We have eaten (jeli smo) • You have eaten (jeli ste) • They have eaten (jeli su) |
Short form (skraćeni oblik)
The short form of the present perfect is formed of the shortened auxiliary verb HAVE (HAVE / HAS) and the past participle of the main verb.
(Skraćeni oblik present perfecta tvori se od skraćenog pomoćnog glagola HAVE (HAVE / HAS) i prošlog participa glavnog glagola.)
| Regular verbs | Irregular verbs | |
| • I’ve walked (hodao sam) • You’ve walked (hodao si) • He / She / It’s walked (hodao / hodala / hodalo je) • We’ve walked (hodali smo) • You’ve walked (hodali ste) • They’ve walked (hodali su) |
• I’ve eaten (jeo sam) • You’ve eaten (jeo si) • He / She / It’s eaten (jeo / jela / jelo je) • We’ve eaten (jeli smo) • You’ve eaten (jeli ste) • They’ve eaten (jeli su) |
Negative (niječni oblik)
Long form (neskraćeni oblik)
The long form negative is formed of the auxiliary verb HAVE (HAVE / HAS) + NOT and the past participle of the main verb.
(Neskraćeni niječni oblik tvori se od pomoćnog glagola HAVE (HAVE / HAS) + NOT i prošlog participa glavnog glagola.)
| Regular verbs | Irregular verbs | |
| • I have not walked (nisam hodao) • You have not walked (nisi hodao) • He / She / It has not walked (nije hodao / hodala / hodalo) • We have not walked (nismo hodali) |
• I have not eaten (nisam jeo) • You have not eaten (nisi jeo) • He / She / It has not eaten (nije jeo / jela / jelo) • We have not eaten (nismo jeli) • You have not eaten (niste jeli) • They have not eaten (nisu jeli) |
Short form (skraćeni oblik)
The short negative is formed of the auxiliary verb HAVE (HAVE / HAS) + shortened NOT and the past participle of the main verb.
(Skraćeni niječni oblik tvori se od pomoćnog glagola HAVE (HAVE / HAS) + skraćenog NOT i prošlog participa glavnog glagola.)
| Regular verbs | Irregular verbs | |
| • I haven’t walked (nisam hodao) • You haven’t walked (nisi hodao) • He / She / It hasn’t walked (nije hodao / hodala/ hodalo) • We haven’t walked (nismo hodali) |
• I haven’t eaten (nisam jeo) • You haven’t eaten (nisi jeo) • He / She / It hasn’t eaten (nije jeo / jela / jelo) • We haven’t eaten (nismo jeli) • You haven’t eaten (niste jeli) • They haven’t eaten (nisu jeli) |
Interrogative – affirmative (upitni potvrdni oblik)
The affirmative interrogative is formed with the auxiliary verb HAVE (HAVE / HAS) in front of the subject followed by the past participle of the main verb.
(Upitni potvrdni oblik tvori se od pomoćnog glagola HAVE (HAVE / HAS) ispred subjekta iza kojeg stoji prošli particip glavnog glagola.)
| Regular verbs | Irregular verbs | |
| • Have I walked? (jesam li hodao?) • Have you walked? (jesi li hodao?) • Has he / she / it walked? (je li hodao / hodala / hodalo?) • Have we walked? (jesmo li hodali?) |
• Have I eaten? (jesam li jeo?) • Have you eaten? (jesi li jeo?) • Has he / she / it eaten? (je li jeo / jela / jelo?) • Have we eaten? (jesmo li jeli?) • Have you eaten? (jeste li jeli?) • Have they eaten? (jesu li jeli?) |
Interrogative – negative (upitni niječni oblik)
Long form (neskraćeni oblik)
The long form negative interrogative is formed with the auxiliary verb HAVE (HAVE / HAS) in front of the subject followed by NOT and the past participle of the main verb.
(Neskraćeni upitni niječni oblik tvori se od pomoćnog glagola HAVE (HAVE / HAS) ispred subjekta iza kojeg stoji NOT i prošli particip glavnog glagola.)
| Regular verbs | Irregular verbs | |
| • Have I not walked? (nisam li hodao?) • Have you not walked? (nisi li hodao?) • Has he / she / it not walked? (nije li hodao / hodala / hodalo?) • Have we not walked? (nismo li hodali?) |
• Have I not eaten? (nisam li jeo?) • Have you not eaten? (nisi li jeo?) • Has he / she / it not eaten? (nije li jeo / jela / jelo?) • Have we not eaten? (nismo li jeli?) • Have you not eaten? (niste li jeli?) • Have they not eaten? (nisu li jeli?) |
Short form (skraćeni oblik)
The short form negative interrogative is formed with the shortened negative of the auxiliary verb HAVE (HAVEN’T / HASN’T) in front of the subject followed by the past participle of the main verb.
(Skraćeni upitni niječni oblik tvori se od skraćenog negativa pomoćnog glagola HAVE (HAVEN’T / HASN’T) ispred subjekta iza kojeg stoji prošli particip glavnog glagola.)
| Regular verbs | Irregular verbs | |
| • Haven’t I walked? (nisam li hodao?) • Haven’t you walked? (nisi li hodao?) • Hasn’t he / she / it walked? (nije li hodao / hodala / hodalo?) • Haven’t we walked? (nismo li hodali?) |
• Haven’t I eaten? (nisam li jeo?) • Haven’t you eaten? (nisi li jeo?) • Hasn’t he / she / it eaten? (nije li jeo / jela / jelo?) • Haven’t we eaten? (nismo li jeli?) • Haven’t you eaten? (niste li jeli?) • Haven’t they eaten? (nisu li jeli?) |
Spelling (pravila pisanja)
-e → -ed
• type – typed (tipkati – tipkao)
• smoke – smoked (pušiti – pušio)
double consonant + ed
(dvostruki suglasnik + ed)
• prefer – preferred (preferirati – preferirao)
• stop – stopped (zaustaviti – zaustavio)
consonant + y → -ied
(suglasnik + y → ed)
• study – studied (učiti – učio)
• tidy – tidied (pospremati – pospremao)
vowel + y → -yed
(samosuglasnik + y → yed)
• play – played (igrati – igrao)
• stay – stayed (ostati – ostao)